[Features of the in vitro expression profile of hippocampal neurogenic niche cells during optogenetic stimulation]. / Osobennosti ékspressionnogo profilia kletok v modeli neirogennoi nishi gippokampa in vitro pri optogeneticheskoi stimuliatsii.

In the central nervous system of mammals, there are specialized areas in which neurogenesis - neurogenic niches - is observed in the postnatal period. It is believed that astrocytes in the composition of neurogenic niches play a significant role in the regulation of neurogenesis, and therefore they are considered as a promising "target" for the possible control of neurogenesis, including the use of optogenetics. In the framework of this work, we formed an in vitro model of a neurogenic niche, consisting of cerebral endothelial cells, astrocytes and neurospheres. Astrocytes in the neurogenic niche model expressed canalorodopsin ChR2 and underwent photoactivation. The effect of photoactivated astrocytes on the expression profile of neurogenic niche cells was evaluated using immunocytochemical analysis methods. It was found that intact astrocytes in the composition of the neurogenic niche contribute to neuronal differentiation of stem cells, as well as the activation of astroglia expressing photosensitive proteins, changes the expression of molecules characterized by intercellular interactions of pools of resting and proliferating cells in the composition of the neurogenic niche with the participation of NAD+ (Cx43, CD38, CD157), lactate (MCT1). In particular, the registered changes reflect a violation of the paracrine intercellular interactions of two subpopulations of cells, one of which acts as a source of NAD+, and the second as a consumer of NAD+ to ensure the processes of intracellular signal transduction; a change in the mechanisms of lactate transport due to aberrant expression of the lactate transporter MCT1 in cells forming a pool of cells developing along the neuronal path of differentiation. In general, with photostimulation of niche astrocytes, the total proliferative activity increases mainly due to neural progenitor cells, but not neural stem cells. Thus, optogenetic activation of astrocytes can become a promising tool for controlling the activity of neurogenesis processes and the formation of a local proneurogenic microenvironment in an in vitro model of a neurogenic niche.

[Development of blood-brain barrier under the modulation of HIF activity in astroglialand neuronal cells in vitro]. / Osobennosti formirovaniia gematoéntsefalicheskogo bar'era pri moduliatsii aktivnosti HIF v kletkakh astroglial'noi i neironal'noi prirody in vitro.

Barriergenesis is the process of maturation of the primary vascular network of the brain responsible for the establishment of the blood-brain barrier. It represents a combination of factors that, on the one hand, contribute to the process of migration and tubulogenesis of endothelial cells (angiogenesis), on the other hand, contribute to the formation of new connections between endothelial cells and other elements of the neurovascular unit. Astrocytes play a key role in barriergenesis, however, mechanisms of their action are still poorly examined. We have studied the effects of HIF-1 modulators acting on the cells of non-endothelial origin (neurons and astrocytes) on the development of the blood-brain barrier in vitro. Application of FM19G11 regulating expression of HIF-1 activity and GSI-1 suppressing gamma-secretase and/or proteasomal activity resulted in the elevated expression of thrombospondins and matrix metalloproteinases in the developing blood-brain barrier. However, it caused the opposite effect on VEGF expression thus promoting barrier maturation in vitro.

Perinatal Brain Injury is Accompanied by Disturbances in Expression of SLC Protein Superfamily in Endotheliocytes of Hippocampal Microvessels.

The peculiarities in expression of transport proteins and the proteins implicated in the control of glycolysis by the cellular components of neurovascular units were examined in animals of different age under normal conditions and after modeled perinatal stress or hypoxic brain injury. In both cases, the specialties in expression of transport proteins in ontogenesis were revealed. The perinatal hypoxic brain injury resulted in up-regulation of MCT1, MCT4, and GLUT4 expression in endotheliocytes of hippocampal microvessels accompanied by transient elevation of HIF-1α and GSK3 expression.

[The role of vascular endothelial growth factor in the regulation of development and functioning of the brain: new target molecules for pharmacotherapy].

Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) have been shown to participate in atherosclerosis, arteriogenesis, cerebral edema, neuroprotection, neurogenesis, angiogenesis, postischemic brain and vessel repair. Most of these actions involve VEGF-A and the VEGFR-2 receptor. VEGF signaling pathways represent an important potential for treatment of neurological diseases affecting the brain.

TIGHT JUNCTIONS PROTEINS IN CEREBRAL ENDOTHELIAL CELLS DURING EARLY POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT.

Formation and functional plasticity of the blood-brain barrier is associated with the molecular events that occur in the brain neurovascular unit in the embryonic and early postnatal development. To study the characteristics of barriergenesis under physiological conditions, as well as recovering from perinatal hypoxia and early life stress, we examined the expression of proteins of cerebral endothelial tight junctions (JAM, ZO1, CLDN5) in rats aged 7, 28 and 70 days of postnatal development (P7­P70). Under physiological conditions, we have found that the number of endothelial cells expressing JAM, ZO1, CLDN5 slightly increases in the cortex, hippocampus and amygdala of the brain in the period from P7 to P70. Perinatal hypoxia significantly increased the number of cells expressing proteins of tight junction proteins (JAM, CLDN5) up to the age P28­P70, whereas the number of cells expressing ZO1 was reduced in the same period of time. Early life stress led to an imbalance between the number of cells expressing ZO1 proteins and that expressing tight junctions proteins, but these changes were in opposite direction to that observed in perinatal hypoxia

[MODULATION OF LACTATE PRODUCTION, TRANSPORT AND RECEPTION BY CELLS IN THE MODEL OF BRAIN NEUROVASCUL. UNIT I.]

Metabolic activity of cells within a neurovascular unit is among the factors determining structural and functional integritY of the blood-brain barrier and the an- giogenesis process. in order to verify the hypothesis about the role Of g1YcolYtic activity in the perivascula astroglialcells associated with lactate release in the development of functioning of cerebral microvessel endothelial cells, we have used a three-component model of the brain neurovascular unit in vitro. The cells o f n o n -en d o th elia l o rig in w ere in c u b a te d in th e p rese n ce o f m o d u la to rs o f la c ta te pro d u c n ago ni glu c ose ta a G ly c o s o) , bas t h e oe t a n t a at- blocker of monocarboxylate transporters MCTlprCT and recepltiors of3Ctate0produasan (2-donisyoflactate G e8 breceptor) Iasa estbishe vthat that te suppression of lactate production and transport, prdc o1,adrcpin(C-O-Aa n (2gdoxysgflucoase as a glycolysis inhibitor), transport (phloretin as a sukr of lacaroduto transport , aswellasastimultionof3lactate receptors in astroglial cells, lead to aberrant development of endothelial layer, ther by u g g e tin t h efor atio o f anti ngi gencmi roen ircm ent for cerebral endothelium due to inappropriate lactate-m ediated effects. KeYw.ords:-n-eur-ovascular unit; metabolism; glYcolysis; lactate.

[The results of combined ozone therapy using in complex treatment of soft tissues infections in patients with diabetes mellitus type II].

Levels of interleukins-6, 8, 10, TNF-alpha and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) were examined in peripheral blood of 60 patients with diabetes mellitus type II and soft tissues infections. It was revealed the elevated levels of proinflammatory (IL-6, 8), anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines and basic fibroblast growth factor at the time of admission. Application of combined ozone therapy including ozonated autohemotherapy and superficial management of wounds with ozone-oxygen mixture resulted in significant decrease of IL-6, 8, 10 production and high level of bFGF on blood serum. Thus effective local bactericidal impact of ozone in combination with normalization of proinflammatory cytokines levels and preserved high level of bFGF in peripheral blood provide better results of wound healing process in patients with diabetes mellitus type II.

[Inflammation and brain aging].

The review covers current concepts on cell and molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammation and aging with the special focus on the regulation of cytokine-producing activity of astroglial cells and intercellular communication. The review reflects that a key component of the aging phenomenon as a result of ineffective implementation of anti-inflammatory response are processes of the dysregulated cytokine production, in particular, an increase in the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and an imbalance in the expression of the receptors and receptor associated proteins. Interpretation of the molecular mechanisms of cell conjugating neuroinflammation and aging cells can give rise to new therapeutic strategies that are relevant to the treatment of a wide range of central nervous system diseases and the development of new experimental models of diseases of the central nervous system.

[THE MODEL OF NEUROVASCULAR UNIT IN VITRO CONSISTING OF THREE CELLS TYPES].

There are many ways to model blood brain barrier and neurovascular unit in vitro. All existing models have their disadvantages, advantages and some peculiarities of preparation and usage. We obtained the three-cells neurovascular unit model in vitro using progenitor cells isolated from the rat embryos brain (Wistar, 14-16 d). After withdrawal of the progenitor cells the neurospheres were cultured with subsequent differentiation into astrocytes and neurons. Endothelial cells were isolated from embryonic brain too. During the differentiation of progenitor cells the astrocytes monolayer formation occurs after 7-9 d, neurons monolayer--after 10-14 d, endothelial cells monolayer--after 7 d. Our protocol for simultaneous isolation and cultivation of neurons, astrocytes and endothelial cells reduces the time needed to obtain neurovascular unit model in vitro, consisting of three cells types and reduce the number of animals used. It is also important to note the cerebral origin of all cell types, which is also an advantage of our model in vitro.

[Ligands of RAGE-Proteins: Role in Intercellular Communication and Pathogenesis of Inflammation].

The review contains data on the diversity of endogenous ligands of RAGE receptors (receptor for advanced glycation end products) that play an important role in the signal transduction in (patho) physiological conditions. RAGE takes part in various physiological processes like cell growth and survival, apoptosis and regeneration. They serve as regulators of inflammatory reactions due to their ability to induce secretion of cytokines and chemokines. In addition, they facilitate elimination of apoptotic cells and mediate innate immune response. We discuss mechanisms of soluble RAGE production as well as the role of membrane and soluble forms of the receptor in cell signaling. Several endogenous ligands of RA GE are well-known: advanced glycation end products (AGE), amyloid-beta (Aß), nuclear high mobility group box 1 proteins (HMGB1), and calcium-binding proteins S100A4, S100A8/A9, S100A12 u S100B. The review is focused on the mechanisms of the ligands production, their secretion from the cells of various origin, interaction with RAGE, and associated intracellular signal transduction pathways. Special attention is paid to the role of RAGE in pathogenesis of inflammation, particularly, in brain injury and neurodegeneration.

[Dynamics of local expression of connexin-43 and basic fibroblast growth factor receptors in patients with skin and soft-tissue infections against the background of diabetes mellitus type II].

Clinical results of wound healing dynamics were studied in 60 patients with soft-tissue infection against the background of diabetes mellitus type II. At the same time the study considered indices of intercellular contacts protein tissue expression such as connexin 43 (Cx43) and basic fibroblast growth factor receptors (bFGFR). The basic therapy of biopsy material of wound borders was applied. The reduction of bFGFR expression and the minor growth of Cx43 expression were observed. The pain syndrome proceeded for a long time and there were signs of perifocal inflammation, retard wound healing with granulation tissue. The application of combined method of ozone therapy which included autohemotherapy with ozone and an external management of wound by ozone-oxygen mixture facilitated to considerable shortening of inflammatory phase and regeneration. It was associated with increased Cx43 expression (in 1.9 times) in comparison with initial level and bFGFR was enlarged in 1.7 times to eighth day of postoperative period.

[Current concepts of perinatal ischemic injury in the brain neurovascular unit: molecular targets for neuroprotection].

Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is a relevant medical and social problem. Among many pathological processes in the neonatal period perinatal hypoxic-ischemic injury is a major cause of further hemorrhage, necrotic and atrophic changes in the brain. This review presents recent data on the basic mechanisms of the hypoxic-ischemic brain injury along the concept of neurovascular unit (neurons, astrocytes, endothelial cells, pericytes) with the focus on alterations in cell-to-cell communication. Pathological changes caused by ischemia-hypoxia are considered within two phases of injury (ischemic phase and reperfusion phase). The review highlights changes in each individual component of the neurovascular unit and their interactions. Molecular targets for pharmacological improvement of intercellular communication within neurovascular unit as a therapeutic strategy in perinatal brain injury are discussed.

[Dynamics of immunological characteristics and investigation of apoptosis of palatal tonsillar lymphocytes in patients presenting with chronic tonsillitis and treated by conservative therapy].

The enhanced amount of viable lymphocytes and the decreased number of apoptotic cells as well as the reduced levels of IgA and IgM and the elevated concentration of sIgA in lacunar secretion are considered to be the reliable criteria for the efficacy of the conservative treatment of chronic tonsillitis. Combined therapy of this condition including irrigation of the palatal tonsillar lacunae with a miramistin solution, their contact ultrasonic treatment, and application of imudon makes it possible to maintain the optimal ratio of viable to apoptotic lymphocytes during a period of up to 6-7 months.

Disorders of folliculogenesis are associated with abnormal expression of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors in granulosa cells.

We studied apoptosis and expression of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors in granulosa cells of dominant follicles from women with endocrine sterility. The expression of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors in granulosa cells depends on the degree of granulosa cell apoptosis and type of disorders in follicular steroidogenesis, which suggests the involvement of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors into the regulation of folliculogenesis in health and disease.